Michigan Railroads in the Gilded Age

By Graydon Meints
Published on February 24, 2014
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The Gilded Age is representative of a time when Michigan railroads ballooned in mileage and freight capacity, leading to a great deal of money and power residing in the hands of a select few.
The Gilded Age is representative of a time when Michigan railroads ballooned in mileage and freight capacity, leading to a great deal of money and power residing in the hands of a select few.
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"Railroads for Michigan" by Graydon Meints explores the turbulent years of railroad development around the turn of the previous century.
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Over a twenty-year period, Michigan railroads experienced great growth as the region became more industrialized.
Over a twenty-year period, Michigan railroads experienced great growth as the region became more industrialized.

The development of railroads heralded many changes to the state of Michigan, bringing about new waves of industry, social factors and political intrigue. Railroads for Michigan (Michigan State University Press, 2013) casts a light on these exciting times. Graydon M. Meints, a trustee of the Historical Society of Michigan, shows how the railroad would play an important role in many critical events in Michigan’s history, from the Civil War to the Gilded Age, and beyond through the Great Depression. In this passage from “The Explosive Years, 1975-1897,” Michigan railroads boom in prosperity as the nation sees the beginning of the Gilded Age.

You can purchase this book from the Farm Collector store: Railroads for Michigan.

The Gilded Age Begins

The booming prosperity that followed the end of the Civil War was brought to an abrupt stop by the financial panic of 1873. If one event has to be named as triggering the depression that followed, it was the collapse of the Philadelphia banking house of Jay Cooke on 18 September 1873. The effects rippled quickly through the country and soon grew into the most severe depression in the nation’s history. The Civil War furnished new stimuli to the Industrial Revolution so that by the war’s end the nation’s industrialists, now wealthy from the war effort, were plowing money back into the economy. Old and new industries benefited, and the railroads were no exception. Domestic capital was matched by foreign inflows, especially from the Dutch, English, French, and Germans. The first transcontinental railroad, built by the Union Pacific and Central Pacific, was completed in 1869. By 1873 the nation’s total rail mileage more than doubled from the 35,000 miles in 1865. Michigan’s railroads grew from 931 to 3,253 miles in the same period.

The panic of 1873 rolled through the economy by severely restricting business expansion, with railroad construction particularly hard hit. Money for new businesses dried up. It took nearly all of the following four years to work the excesses out of the economy. During this period many companies reduced employee wages, causing a series of strikes and a never-before-witnessed level of industrial violence. The “Molly Maguires” in the Pennsylvania coalfields only hinted at the militancy labor was adopting. One result was a substantial growth in labor union membership. Corporate bankruptcies resulted in reorganizations that lightened the debt burden of many companies to such an extent they were made profitable. By the end of the decade confidence was reappearing, and once again money began to tiptoe into new ventures.

What followed was more spectacular than anything that had come before. There seemed to be no limit on the amount of money that poured into businesses old and new. It came from the United States and from Europe. The European funds were accompanied by immigrant workers to man the growing economy. They poured through the ports into the terrible slums of all the large cities to find ready employment. Their work paid enough to allow the immigrant families to survive, but not much more. Only the pressure from a stream of still newer arrivals looking for work kept the labor force compliant to their bosses’ demands.

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