Wright Influence

The first of these new machines rolled out from the Kelly works
in 1892. Ten years later Kelly-Springfield Roller Co. broke away
from O.S. Kelly and, in 1916, Buffalo Steam Roller Co. of Buffalo,
N.Y., merged with Kelly-Springfield to create Buffalo Springfield
Co. These two firms had courted one another prior to the merger:
Beginning as early as January 1913, rollers with Buffalo parts were
in production at the Springfield facilities.

Oliver Smith Kelly was a pre-eminent figure in American steam
history. Striking it rich in the California gold mines, he had
ample capital to risk in establishing a series of industrial
enterprises to further his interests. The Kelly name would thus
come to be associated with traction engines, threshing machines,
road rollers, piano components, trucks and tires.

With just a small portion of his earnings, he also bought a
wholesale grocery business. In 1857, Oliver relinquished the
grocery concern to join the farm implement firm of William Whitely
and Jerome Fassler. The name was soon changed to Whitely, Fassler
& Kelly, manufacturing a well-received line of reapers and
mowers. Satisfied with the progress of the company, Oliver stayed
with this manufacturing business until 1881.

Prior to 1882, Oliver had served as president of Rinehart,
Ballard & Co. Threshing Machine Works. In 1882, he invested
part of his wealth in Rinehart & Ballard, a firm that sold
threshing machines licensed through John Pitts, one of the famous
twins from Buffalo. With Oliver as president and his son Oliver W.
as superintendent, the firm reorganized as Springfield Engine &
Thresher Co. As a result, profits increased and the business
expanded. In 1889 or 1890, the name changed again, this time to
O.S. Kelly Co.

Around the time Oliver’s lucrative firm bore his name, Edward
convinced Oliver to improve his products along British lines.
Edward, with Kelly’s crew of mechanical engineers, began to replace
the Springfield design of agricultural traction engines with a new
style of Kelly engine, closely modeled on British concepts. These
included such changes as locating the valve above the cylinder,
encasing both in a large steam jacket, fitting the shafts on thick
hornplates and supplying a manstand with a surround entered from
the engine’s left side.

In about 1892, all indications in factory literature suggest
Kelly began producing steam road rollers in addition to
agricultural engines. Like the Wright redesign of the Springfield
engine, the new rollers boasted British features including a solid,
large-diameter flywheel typical of British manufacturing
practice.

According to the 1880 census, Clark County, Ohio, had a
population of 41,947 – with some 20,729 living in Springfield – a
far cry from the population of 500 back in Oliver’s boyhood.
Springfield was fast becoming a city of factories within the state
that, of all states in the U.S., was the location of the highest
number of steam engine manufacturers. The Kelly company occupied 10
acres and was located on the line of the Cleveland, Cincinnati,
Chicago & St. Louis Railway.

TECHNICAL DETAILS

From 1898 until approximately 1905, Kelly experimented with a
triple-cylinder, cross-compound, cable-plowing road locomotive. A
rare photo appears in Floyd Clymer’s Album of Historical Steam
Traction Engines (page 58) and in Jack Norbeck’s
Encyclopedia of American Steam Traction Engines (page
160).

The engine could develop 120 HP; all three of its cylinders
could receive steam direct from the boiler, producing a so-called
“simple” engine for bursts of power; alternatively, the two outside
cylinders could take exhaust steam from the center cylinder to
form, in effect, a single, low-pressure cylinder. A lever changed
the engine from a simple to a presumably more efficient compound
machine by routing the exhaust to the outside cylinders’ steam
chests. The connecting rods were attached to the crankshaft at
120-degree intervals. The engine used a radial valve gear and had
no flywheel since the weight of the reciprocating parts was
sufficient to ensure smooth revolutions.

The boiler barrel was made from 7-1/16-inch-thick steel plate
and measured 43 inches in diameter. The seam was double riveted.
The boiler had 360 square feet of heating surface area and carried
a pressure of 180 psi. The engine’s massive plate wheels were 8
feet in diameter with a face of 2-1/2 feet and each weighed almost
3 tons. The wheels used three driving pins, not a differential
gear. The cable drum held up to 1,350 feet of 1-inch diameter wire
rope.

Scientific American, July 29, 1899, featured a photo of
this remarkable engine. The accompanying article, entitled “A Huge
Over-land Traction Engine,” states such engines were shipped to
Cuba. They could haul up to 112 tons each (not counting the weight
of the engine and wagons), and were sold to remote plantations and
mines far away from railroads.

Included with this article is a previously unpublished photo –
owned by Virginia and Tom – of one of the Kelly triple-cylinder
road locomotives. Family tradition holds this particular engine was
used in the construction of the Panama Canal.

Records indicate Frederick did in fact spend the winter of 1906
at the canal site in Panama, but documents have recently come to
light suggesting he also spent a season in Cuba, which raises the
possibility that the photo could have been taken in that
country.

Although multiple cylinders were commonplace in marine practice,
the Kelly triple-cylinder engine must have been one of the first,
if not the only, traction engine to be so equipped. The fact that
the Kelly firm attempted to design such a behemoth attests to
Oliver’s willingness to explore unknown territory.

At the turn of the century, Oliver sensed his company’s future
would benefit from diversification. He thus began manufacturing
piano plates in Springfield. O.S. Kelly Co. gradually phased out
its agricultural equipment production to focus on these piano
components. Even now, the harp frames used in Steinway pianos have
come from the same Kelly factory in Springfield.

In 1894, Oliver’s son Edwin joined his brother, Oliver W. and
inventor Arthur W. Grant in founding Rubber Tire Co., forerunner of
Kelly-Springfield Tire Co.

As early as 1903, O.S. Kelly Co. had built a small number of
steam wagons. Following in his father’s footsteps, in 1910 Edwin
organized Kelly Springfield Truck Co. He stayed with the firm for
only two years, but remained with O.S. Kelly Co. until 1921. The
man who gave his name to the Kelly-Springfield steamroller, Oliver
S. Kelly, died in 1904.

STEAMROLLERS

Meanwhile, William Churchill Oastler of New York, who had long
imported and distributed Aveling & Porter’s products – both
steamrollers and traction engines – had introduced a steamroller
named after him.

Timing is everything and as luck would have it, Derek Rayner,
vice-chairman and archivist of the Road Roller Assn. and Old
Glory technical editor, recently discovered a rare 1899
catalog of Cooke Locomotive Co. of Paterson, N.J., which depicts
the first Oastler type of steamroller. This machine conformed so
closely to British design practice that some historians of American
steamrollers suspect the parts were shipped from England and
assembled in the U.S.

Shortly after the prototype models were produced at Cooke
Locomotive, Oastler came into control of Monarch Co., Groton, N.Y.
Until about 1901, the first Monarch model of roller was identical
to the Patterson roller. This follows, because Oastler controlled
the Groton works at approximately that same time. In 1901, a new
design of Monarch roller – the “King of the Road” model – was
introduced by Oastler, which was configured along American lines
and lasted throughout the production of that firm.

Some types of tandem rollers manufactured by Kelly-Springfield
found their way to Europe – one recorded as being used in
Switzerland and another in Belgium. The latter, a 1911 no. 2499,
survived into the preservation era by virtue of having its worn-out
boiler replaced by a diesel engine. It is now restored to its
original steaming condition in the Netherlands.

In 1903, continuing his steamroller traditions, Edward became
superintendent of American Road Roller Co. – also known as Wright
Roller Co. – in Groton. His father, Thomas, joined him to work
part-time as a draughtsman and two of Edward’s younger brothers
also found employment with the firm.

In August 1903, the Monarch firm in Groton became known as
American Road Roller Co. – with which the Wrights were associated –
and the following month, Monarch Road Roller Co. evolved from
American Road Roller.

Forming the firm of Charles Longenecker & Co. of New York,
Edward and Charles Longenecker produced a machine called a
Longenecker roller, which in reality, was a Monarch roller with a
British-inspired bunker based on a patent by Edward and Charles.
Previously, it was thought this design was produced from 1907 to
1910, but according to Wright family records these machines were
built from 1905 to 1908. Charles Longenecker & Co. continued to
offer the Monarch three-wheel design of steamroller until 1910.

In 1909, Edward formed a traffic signal business in New York
City that continued to flourish until his death in 1948. His
father, Thomas, had died in England in 1916. Virginia and Tom have
identified at least 10 patents issued to Thomas or Edward in which
they are listed as British citizens; most of these patents involve
improvements in steamrollers.

The members of the Wright family certainly brought about the
joining together of British and American steamroller designs and
their influence spread throughout the American compaction industry.
They deserve special recognition for their distinguished
contributions to the history of steam power and, in particular, to
steamrollers.

Contact steam enthusiast and historian Robert Rhode at
990 W. Lower Springboro Road, Springboro, OH 45066; e-mail:
case65@earthlink.net

Contact steam enthusiast Ray Drake at (719) 689-3000;
e-mail: raymond88@earthlink.net

A version of this article previously ran in England’s
Old Glory magazine (www.oldglory.co.uk), January 2007
issue.